This document is also available as
PostScript
and
DVI.
- RS-95-60
-
PostScript.
Jørgen H. Andersen, Carsten H.
Kristensen, and Arne Skou.
Specification and Automated Verification of Real-Time Behaviour
-- A Case Study.
December 1995.
24 pp. Appears in 3rd IFAC/IFIP workshop on Algoritms and
Architectures for Real-Time Control, AARTC '95 Proceedings, 1995, pages
613-628 and in Annual Reviews of Control, 20:55-70, 1996.
Abstract: In this paper we sketch a method for specification
and automatic verification of real-time software properties. The method
combines the IEC 848 norm and the recent specification techniques TCCS (Timed
Calculus of Communicating Systems) and TML (Timed Modal Logic) -- supported
by an automatic verification tool, EPSILON. The method is illustrated
by modelling a small real-life steam generator example and subsequent
automated analysis of its properties.
- RS-95-59
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Luca Aceto and Anna Ingólfsdóttir.
On the Finitary Bisimulation.
November 1995.
29 pp.
Abstract: The finitely observable, or finitary, part of
bisimulation is a key tool in establishing full abstraction results for
denotational semantics for process algebras with respect to
bisimulation-based preorders. A bisimulation-like characterization of this
relation for arbitrary transition systems is given, relying on Abramsky's
characterization in terms of the finitary domain logic. More informative
behavioural, observation-independent characterizations of the finitary
bisimulation are also offered for several interesting classes of transition
systems. These include transition systems with countable action sets, those
that have bounded convergent sort and the sort-finite ones. The result for
sort-finite transition systems sharpens a previous behavioural
characterization of the finitary bisimulation for this class of structures
given by Abramsky.
- RS-95-58
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Nils Klarlund, Madhavan Mukund, and Milind
Sohoni.
Determinizing Asynchronous Automata on Infinite Inputs.
November 1995.
32 pp. Appears in Thiagarajan, editor, Foundations of Software
Technology and Theoretical Computer Science: 15th Conference, FST&TCS '95
Proceedings, LNCS 1026, 1995, pages 456-471.
Abstract: Asynchrono us automata are a natural distributed
machine model for recognizing trace languages--languages defined over
an alphabet equipped with an independence relation.
To handle infinite traces, Gastin and Petit introduced Büchi asynchronous
automata, which accept precisely the class of -regular trace
languages. Like their sequential counterparts, these automata need to be
non-deterministic in order to capture all -regular languages. Thus
complementation of these automata is non-trivial. Complementation is an
important operation because it is fundamental for treating the logical
connective ``not'' in decision procedures for monadic secondorder
logics.
Subsequently, Diekert and Muscholl solved the complementation
problem by showing that with a Muller acceptance condition, deterministic
automata suffice for recognizing -regular trace languages. However,
a direct determinization procedure, extending the classical subset
construction, has proved elusive.
In this paper, we present a direct
determinization procedure for Büchi asynchronous automata, which
generalizes Safra's construction for sequential Büchi automata. As in the
sequential case, the blow-up in the state space is essentially that of the
underlying subset construction.
- RS-95-57
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Jaap van Oosten.
Topological Aspects of Traces.
November 1995.
16 pp. Appears in Billington and Reisig, editors, 17th
International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets,
ICATPN '96 Proceedings, LNCS 1091, 1996, pages 480-496.
Abstract: Traces play a major role in several models of
concurrency. They arise out of ``independence structures'' which are sets
with a symmetric, irreflexive relation. In this paper, independence
structures are characterized as certain topological spaces. We show that
these spaces are a universal construction known as ``soberification'', a
topological generalization of the ideal completion construction in domain
theory. We also show that there is an interesting group action connected to
this construction. Finally, generalizing the constructions in the first part
of the paper, we define a new category of ``labelled systems of posets''.
This category includes labelled event structures as a full reflective
subcategory, and has moreover a very straightforward notion of bisimulation
which restricts on event structures to strong history-preserving
bisimulation.
- RS-95-56
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Luca Aceto, Willem Jan Fokkink, Rob J. van
Glabbeek, and Anna Ingólfsdóttir.
Axiomatizing Prefix Iteration with Silent Steps.
November 1995.
25 pp. Appears in Bjerner, Larsson and Nordström, editors, 7th Nordic Workshop on Programming Theory, NWPT '7 Proceedings,
Programming Methodology Group's Report Series Report 86, January 1996, 1995,
and in Information and Computation, 127(1):26-40, May 1996.
Abstract: Prefix iteration is a variation on the original
binary version of the Kleene star operation , obtained by restricting
the first argument to be an atomic action. The interaction of prefix
iteration with silent steps is studied in the setting of Milner's basic CCS.
Complete equational axiomatizations are given for four notions of behavioural
congruence overbasic CCS with prefix iteration, viz. branching congruence,
-congruence, delay congruence and weak congruence. The completeness
proofs for -, delay, and weak congruence are obtained by reduction to
the completeness theorem for branching congruence. It is also argued that the
use of the completeness result for branching congruence in obtaining the
completeness result for weak congruence leads to a considerable
simplification with respect to the only direct proof presented in the
literature. The preliminaries and the completeness proofs focus on open
terms, i.e., terms that may contain process variables. As a byproduct, the
-completeness of the axiomatizations is obtained as well as their
completeness for closed terms.
- RS-95-55
-
PostScript.
Mogens Nielsen and Kim Sunesen.
Behavioural Equivalence for Infinite Systems -- Partially
Decidable!
November 1995.
38 pp. Full version of paper appearing in Billington and Reisig,
editors, 17th International Conference on Application and Theory of
Petri Nets, ICATPN '96 Proceedings, LNCS 1091, 1996, pages 460-479.
Abstract: For finite-state systems non-interleaving
equivalences are computationally at least as hard as interleaving
equivalences. In this paper we show that when moving to infinite-state
systems, this situation may change dramatically.
We compare standard
language equivalence for process description languages with two
generalizations based on traditional approaches capturing non-interleaving
behaviour, pomsets representing global causal dependency, and locality representing spatial distribution of events.
We first study
equivalences on Basic Parallel Processes, BPP, a process calculus equivalent
to communication-free Petri nets. For this simple process language our two
notions of non-interleaving equivalences agree. More interestingly, we show
that they are decidable, contrasting a result of Hirshfeld that standard
interleaving language equivalence is undecidable. Our result is inspired by a
recent result of Esparza and Kiehn, showing the same phenomenon in the
setting of model checking.
We follow up investigating to which extent
the result extends to larger subsets of CCS and TCSP. We discover a
significant difference between our non-interleaving equivalences. We show
that for a certain non-trivial subclass of processes between BPP and TCSP,
not only are the two equivalences different, but one (locality) is
decidable whereas the other (pomsets) is not. The decidability result
for locality is proved by a reduction to the reachability problem for
Petri nets.
Comments: Previously announced under the title ``Trace
Equivalence -- Partially Decidable!''.
- RS-95-54
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Nils Klarlund, Mogens Nielsen, and Kim
Sunesen.
A Case Study in Automated Verification Based on Trace
Abstractions.
November 1995.
35 pp. Full version appears in Broy, Merz and Spies, editors, Formal Systems Specification: The RPC-Memory Specification Case Study,
FSS '96 Selected Solutions, LNCS 1169, 1996, pages 341-374, under the
title Using Monadic Second-Order Logic over Finite Domains for
Specification and Verification.
Abstract: In a previous paper [PODC'96], we proposed a
framework for the automatic verification of reactive systems. Our main tool
is a decision procedure, MONA, for Monadic Second-order Logic (M2L) on
finite strings. MONA translates a formula in M2L into a finite-state
automaton. We show in [PODC'96] how traces, i.e. finite executions, and
their abstractions can be described behaviorally. These state-less
descriptions can be formulated in terms of customized temporal logic
operators or idioms.
In the present paper, we give a self-contained,
introductory account of our method applied to the RPC-memory specification
problem of the 1994 Dagstuhl Seminar on Specification and Refinement of
Reactive Systems. The purely behavioral descriptions that we formulate from
the informal specifications are formulas that may span 10 pages or
more.
Such descriptions are a couple of magnitudes larger than usual
temporal logic formulas found in the literature on verification. To securely
write these formulas, we introduce FIDO as a reactive system
description language. FIDO is designed as a high-level symbolic
language for expressing regular properties about recursive data
structures.
All of our descriptions have been verified automatically
by MONA from M2L formulas generated by FIDO.
Our work
shows that complex behaviors of reactive systems can be formulated and
reasoned about without explicit state-based programming. With FIDO, we
can state temporal properties succinctly while enjoying automated analysis
and verification.
Comments: Previously announced under the title ``Using Monadic
Second-Order Logic with Finite Domains for Specification and Verification''.
- RS-95-53
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Nils Klarlund, Mogens Nielsen, and Kim
Sunesen.
Automated Logical Verification based on Trace Abstractions.
November 1995.
19 pp. Appears in The Fifteenth Annual ACM Symposium on
Principles of Distributed Computing, PODC '96 Proceedings, 1996, pages
101-110.
Abstract: We propose a new and practical framework for
integrating the behavioral reasoning about distributed systems with
model-checking methods.
Our proof methods are based on trace
abstractions, which relate the behaviors of the program and the
specification. We show that for finite-state systems such symbolic
abstractions can be specified conveniently in Monadic Second-Order Logic
(M2L). Model-checking is then made possible by the reduction of
non-determinism implied by the trace abstraction.
Our method has been
applied to a recent verification problem by Broy and Lamport. We have
transcribed their behavioral description of a distributed program into
temporal logic and verified it against another distributed system without
constructing the global program state space. The reasoning is expressed
entirely within M2L and is carried out by a decision procedure. Thus
M2L is a practical vehicle for handling complex temporal logic
specifications, where formulas decided by a push of a button are as long as
10-15 pages.
- RS-95-52
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Antonín Kucera.
Deciding Regularity in Process Algebras.
October 1995.
42 pp.
Abstract: We consider the problem of deciding regularity of
normed BPP and normed BPA processes. A process is regular if it is bisimilar
to a process with finitely many states. We show, that regularity of normed
BPP processes is decidable and we provide a constructive regularity test. We
also show, that the same result can be obtained for the class of normed BPA
processes.
Regularity can be defined also w.r.t. other behavioural
equivalences. We define notions of strong regularity and finite
characterisation and we examine their relationship with notions of regularity
and finite representation. The introduced notion of the finite
characterisation is especially interesting from the point of view of possible
verification of concurrent systems.
In the last section we present
some negative results. If we extend the BPP algebra with the operator of
restriction, regularity becomes undecidable and similar results can be
obtained also for other process algebras.
- RS-95-51
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Rowan Davies.
A Temporal-Logic Approach to Binding-Time Analysis.
October 1995.
15 pp. Appears in Eleventh Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in
Computer Science, LICS '96 Proceedings, 1996, pages 184-195.
Abstract: The Curry-Howard isomorphism identifies proofs with
typed -calculus terms, and correspondingly identifies propositions
with types. We show how this isomorphism can be extended to relate
constructive temporal logic with binding-time analysis. In particular, we
show how to extend the Curry-Howard isomorphism to include the
(``next'') operator from linear-time temporal logic. This yields the simply
typed
-calculus which we prove to be equivalent to a
multi-level binding-time analysis like those used in partial evaluation.
- RS-95-50
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Dany Breslauer.
On Competitive On-Line Paging with Lookahead.
September 1995.
12 pp. Appears in Puech and Reischuk, editors, 13th Annual
Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, STACS '96
Proceedings, LNCS 1046, 1996, pages 593-603.
Abstract: This paper studies two methods for improving the
competitive efficiency of on-line paging algorithms: in the first, the
on-line algorithm can use more pages; in the second, it is allowed to have a
lookahead, or in other words, some partial knowledge of the future. The paper
considers a new measure for the lookahead size as well as Young's
resource-bounded lookahead and proves that both measures have the attractive
property that the competitive efficiency of an on-line algorithm with
extra pages and lookahead depends on . Hence, under these measures,
an on-line algorithm has the same benefit from using an extra page or knowing
an extra bit of the future.
- RS-95-49
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Mayer Goldberg.
Solving Equations in the -Calculus using Syntactic
Encapsulation.
September 1995.
13 pp.
Abstract: Syntactic encapsulation is a relation between an
expression and one of its sub-expressions, that constraints how the given
sub-expression can be used throughout the reduction of the expression. In
this paper, we present a class of systems of equations, in which the
right-hand side of each equation is syntactically encapsulated in the
left-hand side. This class is general enough to allow equations to contain
self-application, and to allow unknowns to appear on both sides of the
equation. Yet such a system is simple enough to be solvable, and for a
solution (though of course not its normal form) to be obtainable in constant
time.
Comments: Keywords: -calculus, programming
calculi.
- RS-95-48
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Devdatt P. Dubhashi.
Simple Proofs of Occupancy Tail Bounds.
September 1995.
7 pp. Appears in Random Structures and Algorithms, 11, 1997.
Abstract: We give short proofs of some occupancy tail bounds
using the method of bounded differences in expected form and the notion of
negative association.
- RS-95-47
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Dany Breslauer.
The Suffix Tree of a Tree and Minimizing Sequential
Transducers.
September 1995.
15 pp. Appears in Hirschberg and Myers, editors, Combinatorial
Pattern Matching: 7th Annual Symposium, CPM '96 Proceedings, LNCS 1075,
1996, pages 116-129 and in Theoretical Computer Science,
191(1-2):131-144, January 1998.
Abstract: This paper gives a linear-time algorithm for the
construction of the suffix tree of a tree. The suffix tree of a tree is used
to obtain an efficient algorithm for the minimization of sequential
transducers.
- RS-95-46
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Dany Breslauer, Livio Colussi, and Laura
Toniolo.
On the Comparison Complexity of the String Prefix-Matching
Problem.
August 1995.
39 pp. Appears in Leeuwen, editor, Second Annual European
Symposium on Algorithms, ESA '94 Proceedings, LNCS 855, 1994, pages
483-494.
Abstract: In this paper we study the exact comparison
complexity of the string prefix-matching problem in the deterministic
sequential comparison model with equality tests. We derive almost tight lower
and upper bounds on the number of symbol comparisons required in the worst
case by on-line prefix-matching algorithms for any fixed pattern and variable
text. Unlike previous results on the comparison complexity of string-matching
and prefix-matching algorithms, our bounds are almost tight for any
particular pattern.
We also consider the special case where the
pattern and the text are the same string. This problem, which we call the
string self-prefix problem, is similar to the pattern preprocessing
step of the Knuth-Morris-Pratt string-matching algorithm that is used in
several comparison efficient string-matching and prefix-matching algorithms,
including in our new algorithm. We obtain roughly tight lower and upper
bounds on the number of symbol comparisons required in the worst case by
on-line self-prefix algorithms.
Our algorithms can be implemented in
linear time and space in the standard uniform-cost random-access-machine
model.
- RS-95-45
-
PostScript.
Gudmund Skovbjerg Frandsen and Sven Skyum.
Dynamic Maintenance of Majority Information in Constant Time per
Update.
August 1995.
9 pp. Revised version appears in Information Processing Letters
vol. 63 (1997), pages 75-78.
Abstract: We show how to maintain information about the
existence of a majority colour in a set of elements under insertion and
deletion of single elements using time and at most equality tests
on colours per update. No ordering information is used.
- RS-95-44
-
PostScript.
Bruno Courcelle and Igor Walukiewicz.
Monadic Second-Order Logic, Graphs and Unfoldings of Transition
Systems.
August 1995.
39 pp. Presented at the 9th Annual Conference of the European
Association for Computer Science Logic, CSL '95. Journal version appears in
Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 92(1):35-62, 1998.
Abstract: We prove that every monadic second-order property of
the unfolding of a transition system is a monadic second-order property of
the system itself. We prove a similar result for certain graph coverings.
- RS-95-43
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Noam Nisan and Avi Wigderson.
Lower Bounds on Arithmetic Circuits via Partial Derivatives
(Preliminary Version).
August 1995.
17 pp. Appears in 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of
Computer Science, FOCS '95 Proceedings, 1995, pages 16-25. Journal
version in Computational Complexity, 6(3):217-234, 1997.
Abstract: In this paper we describe a new technique for
obtaining lower bounds on restriced classes of nonmonotone arithmetic
circuits. The heart of this technique is a complexity measure for
multivariate polynomials, based on the linear span of their partial
derivatives. We use the technique to obtain new lower bounds for computing
symmetric polynomials and iterated matrix products.
- RS-95-42
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Mayer Goldberg.
An Adequate Left-Associated Binary Numeral System in the
-Calculus.
August 1995.
16 pp. Revised version Also available as BRICS Report RS-96-6.
The revised version appears in Journal of Functional Programming
10(6):607-623, 2000.
Abstract: This paper introduces a sequence of -expressions, modelling the binary expansion of integers. We derive
expressions computing the test for zero, the successor function, and the
predecessor function, thereby showing the sequence to be an adequate numeral
system. These functions can be computed efficiently. Their complexity is
independent of the order of evaluation.
- RS-95-41
-
Olivier Danvy, Karoline Malmkjær, and Jens Palsberg.
Eta-Expansion Does The Trick.
August 1995.
23 pp. Please refer to the revised version BRICS-RS-96-17. Now appears in
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 8(6):730-751,
1996.
Abstract: Partial-evaluation folklore has it that massaging
one's source programs can make them specialize better. In Jones, Gomard, and
Sestoft's recent textbook, a whole chapter is dedicated to listing such
``binding-time improvements'': non-standard use of continuation-passing
style, eta-expansion, and a popular transformation called ``The Trick''. We
provide a unified view of these binding-time improvements, from a typing
perspective.
Just as a proper treatment of product values in partial
evaluation requires partially static values, a proper treatment of disjoint
sums requires moving static contexts across dynamic case expressions. This
requirement precisely accounts for the non-standard use of
continuation-passing style encountered in partial evaluation. In this
setting, eta-expansion acts as a uniform binding-time coercion between values
and contexts, be they of function type, product type, or disjoint-sum type.
For the latter case, it achieves ``The Trick''.
In this paper, we
extend Gomard and Jones's partial evaluator for the lambda-calculus,
lambda-Mix, with products and disjoint sums; we point out how eta-expansion
for disjoint sums does The Trick; we generalize our earlier work by
identifying that eta-expansion can be obtained in the binding-time analysis
simply by adding two coercion rules; and we specify and prove the correctness
of our extension to lambda-Mix.
- RS-95-40
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Anna Ingólfsdóttir and Andrea
Schalk.
A Fully Abstract Denotational Model for Observational
Congruence.
August 1995.
29 pp. Appears with the title A Fully Abstract Denotational
Model for Observational Precongruence in Büning, editor, European
Association for Computer Science Logic: 9th Workshop, CSL '95 Selected
Papers, LNCS 1092, 1996, pages 335-361. Appears also in Theoretical
Computer Science 254(1-2):35-61, 2001.
Abstract: A domain theoretical denotational model is given for
a simple sublanguage of extended with divergence operator. The model is
derived as an abstraction on a suitable notion of normal forms for labelled
transition systems. It is shown to be fully abstract with respect to
observational precongruence.
- RS-95-39
-
PostScript.
Allan Cheng.
Petri Nets, Traces, and Local Model Checking.
July 1995.
32 pp. Full version of paper appearing in Alagar and Nivat, editors,
Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology: 4th International
Conference, AMAST '95 Proceedings, LNCS 936, 1995, pages 322-337. Appears
also in Theoretical Computer Science, 183(2):229-251, (1997).
Abstract: It has been observed that the behavioural view of
concurrent systems that all possible sequences of actions are relevant is too
generous; not all sequences should be considered as likely behaviours. Taking
progress fairness assumptions into account one obtains a more realistic
behavioural view of the systems. In this paper we consider the problem of
performing model checking relative to this behavioural view. We present a
CTL-like logic which is interpreted over the model of concurrent systems
labelled 1-safe nets. It turns out that Mazurkiewicz trace theory provides a
natural setting in which the progress fairness assumptions can be formalized.
We provide the first, to our knowledge, set of sound and complete tableau
rules for a CTL-like logic interpreted under progress fairness assumptions.
- RS-95-38
-
Mayer Goldberg.
Gödelisation in the -Calculus.
July 1995.
7 pp. Appears in Information Processing Letters
75(1-2):13-16(2000). Please refer to the revised version BRICS-RS-96-5.
Abstract: Gödelisation is a meta-linguistic encoding of
terms in a language. While it is impossible to define an operator in the
-calculus which encodes all closed -expressions, it is
possible to construct restricted versions of such an encoding operator. In
this paper, we propose such an encoding operator for proper combinators.
- RS-95-37
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Sten Agerholm and Mike Gordon.
Experiments with ZF Set Theory in HOL and Isabelle.
July 1995.
14 pp. Appears in Schubert, Windley and Alves-Foss, editors, Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications: 8th International
Workshop, HOLTPA '95 Proceedings, LNCS 971, 1995, pages 32-45.
Abstract: Most general purpose proof assistants support
versions of typed higher order logic. Experience has shown that these logics
are capable of representing most of the mathematical models needed in
Computer Science. However, perhaps there exist applications where ZF-style
set theory is more natural, or even necessary. Examples may include Scott's
classical inverse-limit construction of a model of the untyped
-calculus () and the semantics of parts of the Z
specification notation. This paper compares the representation and use of ZF
set theory within both HOL and Isabelle. The main case study is the
construction of . The advantages and disadvantages of
higher-order set theory versus first-order set theory are explored
experimentally. This study also provides a comparison of the proof
infrastructure of HOL and Isabelle.
- RS-95-36
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Sten Agerholm.
Non-Primitive Recursive Function Definitions.
July 1995.
15 pp. Appears in Schubert, Windley and Alves-Foss, editors, Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving and its Applications: 8th International
Workshop, HOLTPA '95 Proceedings, LNCS 971, 1995, pages 17-31.
Abstract: This paper presents an approach to the problem of
introducing non-primitive recursive function definitions in higher order
logic. A recursive specification is translated into a domain theory version,
where the recursive calls are treated as potentially non-terminating. Once we
have proved termination, the original specification can be derived easily. A
collection of algorithms are presented which hide the domain theory from a
user. Hence, the derivation of a domain theory specification has been
automated completely, and for well-founded recursive function specifications
the process of deriving the original specification from the domain theory one
has been automated as well, though a user must supply a well-founded relation
and prove certain termination properties of the specification. There are
constructions for building well-founded relations easily.
- RS-95-35
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Mayer Goldberg.
Constructing Fixed-Point Combinators Using Application
Survival.
June 1995.
14 pp.
Abstract: The theory of application survival was
developed in our Ph.D. thesis as an approach for reasoning about application
in general and self-application in particular. In this paper, we show how
application survival provides a uniform framework not only for for reasoning
about fixed-points, fixed-point combinators, but also for deriving and
comparing known and new fixed-point combinators.
- RS-95-34
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Jens Palsberg.
Type Inference with Selftype.
June 1995.
22 pp.
Abstract: The metavariable self is fundamental in
object-oriented languages. Typing self in the presence of inheritance has
been studied by Abadi and Cardelli, Bruce, and others. A key concept in these
developments is the notion of selftype, which enables flexible type
annotations that are impossible with recursive types and subtyping. Bruce et
al. demonstrated that, for the language TOOPLE, type checking is decidable.
Open until now is the problem of type inference with selftype.
In this
paper we present a type inference algorithm for a type system with selftype,
recursive types, and subtyping. The example language is the object calculus
of Abadi and Cardelli, and the type inference algorithm runs in
nondeterministic polynomial time.
- RS-95-33
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Jens Palsberg, Mitchell Wand, and Patrick
O'Keefe.
Type Inference with Non-structural Subtyping.
June 1995.
22 pp. Appears in Formal Aspects of Computing, 9(1):49-67,
1997.
Abstract: We present an time type inference algorithm
for a type system with a largest type , a smallest type , and the
usual ordering between function types. The algorithm infers type annotations
of minimal size, and it works equally well for recursive types. For the
problem of typability, our algorithm is simpler than the one of Kozen,
Palsberg, and Schwartzbach for type inference without . This
may be surprising, especially because the system with is strictly more
powerful.
- RS-95-32
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Jens Palsberg.
Efficient Inference of Object Types.
June 1995.
32 pp. Appears in Information and Computation, 123(2):198-209,
1995. Preliminary version appears in Ninth Annual IEEE Symposium on
Logic in Computer Science, LICS '94 Proceedings, 1994, pages 186-195.
Abstract: Abadi and Cardelli have recently investigated a
calculus of objects. The calculus supports a key feature of object-oriented
languages: an object can be emulated by another object that has more refined
methods. Abadi and Cardelli presented four first-order type systems for the
calculus. The simplest one is based on finite types and no subtyping, and the
most powerful one has both recursive types and subtyping. Open until now is
the question of type inference, and in the presence of subtyping ``the
absence of minimum typings poses practical problems for type
inference''.
In this paper we give an algorithm for each of
the four type inference problems and we prove that all the problems are
P-complete. We also indicate how to modify the algorithms to handle functions
and records.
- RS-95-31
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Jens Palsberg and Peter Ørbæk.
Trust in the -calculus.
June 1995.
32 pp. Appears in Mycroft, editor, 2nd International Static
Analysis Symposium, SAS '95 Proceedings, LNCS 983, 1995, pages 314-330.
Abstract: This paper introduces trust analysis for higher-order
languages. Trust analysis encourages the programmer to make explicit the
trustworthiness of data, and in return it can guarantee that no mistakes with
respect to trust will be made at run-time. We present a confluent
-calculus with explicit trust operations, and we equip it with a
trust-type system which has the subject reduction property. Trust information
in presented as two annotations of each function type constructor, and type
inference is computable in time.
- RS-95-30
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Franck van Breugel.
From Branching to Linear Metric Domains (and back).
June 1995.
30 pp. Abstract appeared in Engberg, Larsen and Mosses, editors, 6th Nordic Workshop on Programming Theory, NWPT '6 Proceedings, BRICS
Notes Series NS-94-6, December 1994, 1994, pages 444-447.
Abstract: A branching and a linear metric domain--both turned
into a category--are related by means of a reflection and a coreflection.
- RS-95-29
-
PostScript.
Nils Klarlund.
An Algorithm for Online BDD Refinement.
May 1995.
20 pp. Conference version in Grumberg, editor, Computer-Aided
Verification: 9th International Conference, CAV '97 Proceedings,
LNCS 1254, 1997, pages 107-118. Journal version in Journal of
Algorithms, 32(2):133-154, 1999.
Abstract: Binary Decision Diagrams are in widespread use in
verification systems for the canonical representation of Boolean functions. A
BDD representing a function
can easily
be reduced to its canonical form in linear time.
In this paper, we
consider a natural online BDD refinement problem and show that it can be
solved in if bounds the size of the BDD and the total size
of update operations.
We argue that BDDs in an algebraic framework
should be understood as minimal fixed points superimposed on maximal fixed
points. We propose a technique of controlled growth of equivalence classes to
make the minimal fixed point calculations be carried out efficiently. Our
algorithm is based on a new understanding of the interplay between the
splitting and growing of classes of nodes.
We apply our algorithm to
show that automata with exponentially large, but implicitly represented
alphabets, can be minimized in time , where is the total
number of BDD nodes representing the automaton.
- RS-95-28
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Luca Aceto and Jan Friso Groote.
A Complete Equational Axiomatization for MPA with String
Iteration.
May 1995.
39 pp. Appears in Theoretical Computer Science,
211(1-2):339-374, January 1999.
Abstract: We study equational axiomatizations of bisimulation
equivalence for the language obtained by extending Milner's basic CCS with
string iteration. String iteration is a variation on the original binary
version of the Kleene star operation obtained by restricting the
first argument to be a non-empty sequence of atomic actions. We show that,
for every positive integer , bisimulation equivalence over the set of
processes in this language with loops of length at most is finitely
axiomatizable. We also offer a countably infinite equational theory that
completely axiomatizes bisimulation equivalence over the whole language. We
prove that this result cannot be improved upon by showing that no finite
equational axiomatization of bisimulation equivalence over basic CCS with
string iteration can exist, unless the set of actions is empty.
- RS-95-27
-
PostScript,
DVI.
David Janin and Igor Walukiewicz.
Automata for the -calculus and Related Results.
May 1995.
11 pp. Appears in Wiedermann and Hájek, editors, Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science: 20th International Symposium,
MFCS '95 Proceedings, LNCS 969, 1995, pages 552-562.
Abstract: The propositional -calculus as introduced by
Kozen in [TCS 27] is considered. The notion of disjunctive formula is defined
and it is shown that every formula is semantically equivalent to a
disjunctive formula. For these formulas many difficulties encountered in the
general case may be avoided. For instance, satisfiability checking is linear
for disjunctive formulas. This kind of formula gives rise to a new notion of
finite automaton which characterizes the expressive power of the
-calculus over all transition systems.
- RS-95-26
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Faith Fich and Peter Bro Miltersen.
Tables Should Be Sorted (on Random Access Machines).
May 1995.
11 pp. Appears in Akl, Dehne, Sack and Santoro, editors, Algorithms and Data Structures: 4th Workshop, WADS '95 Proceedings,
LNCS 955, 1995, pages 482-493.
Abstract: We consider the problem of storing an element
subset of a universe of size , so that membership queries (is ) can be answered efficiently. The model of computation is a random access
machine with the standard instruction set (direct and indirect adressing,
conditional branching, addition, subtraction, and multiplication). We show
that if memory registers are used to store , where
, then query time
is necessary in the worst
case. That is, under these conditions, the solution consisting of storing
as a sorted table and doing binary search is optimal. The condition
is essentially optimal; we show that if
registers may be used, query time is possible.
- RS-95-25
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Søren B. Lassen.
Basic Action Theory.
May 1995.
47 pp.
Abstract: Action semantics is a semantic description framework
with very good pragmatic properties but until now a rather weak theory for
reasoning about programs. A strong action theory would have a great practical
potential, as it would facilitate reasoning about the large class of
programming languages that can be described in action semantics.
This
report develops the foundations for a richer action theory, by bringing
together concepts and techniques from process theory and from work on
operational reasoning about functional programs. Semantic preorders and
equivalences in the action semantics setting are studied and useful
operational techniques for establishing contextual equivalences are
presented. These techniques are applied to establish equational and
inequational action laws and an induction rule.
- RS-95-24
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Peter Ørbæk.
Can you Trust your Data?
April 1995.
15 pp. Appears in Mosses, Nielsen and Schwartzbach, editors, Theory and Practice of Software Development: 6th International Conference
Joint Conference CAAP/FASE, TAPSOFT '95 Proceedings, LNCS 915, 1995, pages
575-590.
Abstract: A new program analysis is presented, and two compile
time methods for this analysis are given. The analysis attempts to answer the
question: ``Given some trustworthy and some untrustworthy input, can we trust
the value of a given variable after execution of some code''. The analyses
are based on an abstract interpretation framework and a constraint generation
framework respectively. The analyses are proved safe with respect to an
instrumented semantics. We explicitly deal with a language with pointers and
possible aliasing problems. The constraint based analysis is related directly to the abstract interpretation and therefore indirectly to the
instrumented semantics.
- RS-95-23
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Allan Cheng and Mogens Nielsen.
Open Maps (at) Work.
April 1995.
33 pp. Appears with the title Observing Behaviour Categorically
in Thiagarajan, editor, Foundations of Software Technology and
Theoretical Computer Science: 15th Conference, FST&TCS '95 Proceedings,
LNCS 1026, 1995, pages 263-278.
Abstract: The notion of bisimilarity, as defined by Park and
Milner, has turned out to be one of the most fundamental notions of
operational equivalences in the field of process algebras. Not only does it
induce a congruence (largest bisimulation) in CCS which have nice equational
properties, it has also proven itself applicable for numerous models of
parallel computation and settings such as Petri Nets and semantics of
functional languages. In an attempt to understand the relationships and
differences between the extensive amount of research within the field, Joyal,
Nielsen, and Winskel recently presented an abstract category-theoretic
definition of bisimulation. They identify spans of morphisms satisfying
certain ``path lifting'' properties, so-called open maps, as a possible
abstract definition of bisimilarity. In their LICS '93 paper they show, that
they can capture Park and Milner's bisimulation. The aim of this paper is to
show that the abstract definition of bisimilarity is applicable ``in
practice'' by showing how a representative selection of well-known
bisimulations and equivalences, such as e.g. Hennessy's testing equivalence,
Milner and Sangiorgi's barbed bisimulation, and Larsen and Skou's
probabilistic bisimulation, are captured in the setting of open maps and
hence, that the proposed notion of open maps seems successful. Hence, we
confirm that the treatment of strong bisimulation in the LICS '93 paper is
not a one-off application of open maps.
- RS-95-22
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Anna Ingólfsdóttir.
A Semantic Theory for Value-Passing Processes, Late Approach,
Part II: A Behavioural Semantics and Full Abstractness.
April 1995.
33 pp. To appear in Information and Computation (together with
part I).
Abstract: A bisimulation based behavioural semantics, which
reflects the late semantic approach, is given for CCS-like language. The
denotational semantics given in the companion paper, part I, is shown to be
fully abstract to a value-finitary version of the bisimulation preorder.
- RS-95-21
-
PostScript.
Jesper G. Henriksen, Ole J. L. Jensen,
Michael E. Jørgensen, Nils Klarlund, Robert Paige, Theis Rauhe, and
Anders B. Sandholm.
MONA: Monadic Second-Order Logic in Practice.
May 1995.
17 pp. Appears in Brinksma, Cleaveland, Larsen, Margaria and Steffen,
editors, Tools and Algorithms for The Construction and Analysis of
Systems: International Workshop, TACAS '95 Selected Papers, LNCS 1019,
1995, pages 89-110.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to introduce Monadic
Second-order Logic as a practical means of specifying regularity. The logic
is a highly succinct alternative to the use of regular expressions. We have
built a tool Mona, which acts as a decision procedure and as a translator to
finite-state machines. The tool is based on new algorithms for minimizing
finite-state machines that use binary decision diagrams (BDD's) to represent
transition functions in compressed form. A byproduct of this work is a new
bottom-up algorithm to reduce BDD's in linear time without hashing.
The potential applications are numerous. We discuss text processing, Boolean
circuits, and distributed systems.
Our main example is an automatic
proof of properties for the ``Dining Philosophers with Encyclopedia'' example
by Kurshan and MacMillan. We establish these properties for the parameterized
case without the use of induction.
- RS-95-20
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Anders Kock.
The Constructive Lift Monad.
March 1995.
18 pp.
Abstract: We study the lift monad on posets in the setting of
intuitionistic set theory (meaning inside a topos). Unlike in the boolean
situation, the lift monad here consists in more than just adding a bottom
element freely. -- We also study some related monads in the category of
locales.
- RS-95-19
-
PostScript,
DVI.
François Laroussinie and Kim G.
Larsen.
Compositional Model Checking of Real Time Systems.
March 1995.
20 pp. Appears in Lee and Smolka, editors, Concurrency Theory:
6th International Conference, CONCUR '95 Proceedings, LNCS 962, 1995,
pages 27-41.
Abstract: A major problem in applying model checking to
finite-state systems is the potential combinatorial explosion of the state
space arising from parallel composition. Solutions of this problem have been
attempted for practical applications using a variety of techniques. Recent
work by Andersen (Partial Model Checking. To appear in Proceedings of
LICS '95) proposes a very promising compositional model checking technique,
which has experimentally been shown to improve results obtained using Binary
Decision Diagrams.
In this paper we make Andersen's technique
applicable to systems described by networks of timed automata. We
present a quotient construction, which allows timed automata components to be
gradually moved from the network expression into the specification. The
intermediate specifications are kept small using minimization heuristics
suggested by Andersen. The potential of the combined technique is
demonstrated using a prototype implemented in CAML.
- RS-95-18
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Allan Cheng.
Complexity Results for Model Checking.
February 1995.
18pp.
Abstract: The complexity of model checking branching and linear
time temporal logics over Kripke structures has been addressed by Clarke,
Emerson, and Sistla, among others. In terms of the size of the Kripke model
and the length of the formula, they show that the model checking problem is
solvable in polynomial time for CTL and NP-complete for L. The
model checking problem can be generalised by allowing more succinct
descriptions of systems than Kripke structures. We investigate the complexity
of the model checking problem when the instances of the problem consist of a
formula and a description of a system whose state space is at most
exponentially larger than the description. Based on Turing machines, we
define compact systems as a general formalisation of such system
descriptions. Examples of such compact systems are -bounded Petri nets
and synchronised automata, and in these cases the well-known algorithms
presented by Clarke, Emerson, and Sistla (1985,1986) would require
exponential space in term of the sizes of the system descriptions and the
formulas; we present polynomial space upper bounds for the model checking
problem over compact systems and the logics CTL and L. As an
example of an application of our general results we show that the model
checking problems of both the branching time temporal logic CTL and the
linear time temporal logics L and L over
-bounded Petri nets are PSPACE-complete.
- RS-95-17
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Jari Koistinen, Nils Klarlund, and
Michael I. Schwartzbach.
Design Architectures through Category Constraints.
February 1995.
19 pp.
Abstract: We provide a rigorous and concise formalism for
specifying design architectures exterior to the design language. This allows
several evolving architectural styles to be supported independently. Such
architectural styles are specified in a tailored parse tree logic, which
permits automatic support for conformance and consistency. We exemplify these
ideas with a small design architecture inspired by real world constraints
found in the Ericsson ATM Broadband System.
- RS-95-16
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Dany Breslauer and Ramesh Hariharan.
Optimal Parallel Construction of Minimal Suffix and Factor
Automata.
February 1995.
9 pp. Appears in Parallel Processing Letters, 6(1):35-44,
1996.
Abstract: This paper gives optimal parallel algorithms for the
construction of the smallest deterministic finite automata recognizing all
the suffixes and the factors of a string. The algorithms use recently
discovered optimal parallel suffix tree construction algorithms together with
data structures for the efficient manipulation of trees, exploiting the well
known relation between suffix and factor automata and suffix trees.
- RS-95-15
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Devdatt P. Dubhashi, Grammati E. Pantziou,
Paul G. Spirakis, and Christos D. Zaroliagis.
The Fourth Moment in Luby's Distribution.
February 1995.
10 pp. Appears in Theoretical Computer Science,
148(1):133-140, 1995.
Abstract: Luby proposed a way to derandomize randomized
computations which is based on the construction of a small probability space
whose elements are -wise independent. In this paper we prove some new
properties of Luby's space. More precisely, we analyze the fourth moment and
prove an interesting technical property which helps to understand better
Luby's distribution. As an application, we study the behavior of random edge
cuts in a weighted graph.
- RS-95-14
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Devdatt P. Dubhashi.
Inclusion-Exclusion Implies Inclusion-Exclusion.
February 1995.
6 pp.
Abstract: We consider a natural generalisation of the familiar
inclusion-exclusion formula for sets in the setting of ranked lattices. We
show that the generalised inclusion-exclusion formula holds in a lattice if
and only if the lattice is distributive and the rank function is modular. As
a consequence it turns out (perhaps surprisingly) that the
inclusion-exclusion formula for three elements implies the
inclusion-exclusion formula for an arbitrary number of elements.
- RS-95-13
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Torben Braüner.
The Girard Translation Extended with Recursion.
February 1995.
79 pp. Full version of paper appearing in Pacholski and Tiuryn,
editors, European Association for Computer Science Logic: 8th Workshop,
CSL '94 Selected Papers, LNCS 933, 1995, pages 31-45.
Abstract: This paper extends Curry-Howard interpretations of
Intuitionistic Logic (IL) and Intuitionistic Linear Logic (ILL) with rules
for recursion. The resulting term languages, the -calculus and
the linear -calculus respectively, are given sound categorical
interpretations. The embedding of proofs of IL into proofs of ILL given by
the Girard Translation is extended with the rules for recursion, such that an
embedding of terms of the
-calculus into terms of the linear
-calculus is induced via the extended Curry-Howard
isomorphisms. This embedding is shown to be sound with respect to the
categorical interpretations.
- RS-95-12
-
PostScript.
Gerth Stølting Brodal.
Fast Meldable Priority Queues.
February 1995.
12 pp. Appears in Akl, Dehne, Sack and Santoro, editors, Algorithms and Data Structures: 4th Workshop, WADS '95 Proceedings,
LNCS 955, 1995, pages 282-290.
Abstract: We present priority queues that support the
operations MAKEQUEUE, FINDMIN, INSERT and MELD in worst case time
and DELETE and DELETEMIN in worst case time
. They can be implemented on the pointer machine and require
linear space. The time bounds are optimal for all implementations where MELD takes worst case time .
To our knowledge this is the
first priority queue implementation that supports MELD in worst case
constant time and DELETEMIN in logarithmic time.
- RS-95-11
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Alberto Apostolico and Dany Breslauer.
An Optimal Time Parallel Algorithm for
Detecting all Squares in a String.
February 1995.
18 pp. Appears in SIAM Journal on Computing, 25(6):1318-1331,
December, 1996.
Abstract: An optimal time concurrent-read
concurrent-write parallel algorithm for detecting all squares in a string is
presented. A tight lower bound shows that over general alphabets this is the
fastest possible optimal algorithm. When processors are available the
bounds become
. The algorithm uses an optimal parallel string-matching
algorithm together with periodicity properties to locate the squares within
the input string.
- RS-95-10
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Dany Breslauer and Devdatt P. Dubhashi.
Transforming Comparison Model Lower Bounds to the
Parallel-Random-Access-Machine.
February 1995.
11 pp. Appears in Fifth Italian Conference on Theoretical
Computer Science, November 1995 and in Information Processing Letters,
62(2):103-110, April 1997.
Abstract: This note provides general transformations of lower
bounds in Valiant's parallel comparison decision tree model to lower bounds
in the priority concurrent-read concurrent-write
parallel-random-access-machine model. The proofs rely on standard
Ramsey-theoretic arguments that simplify the structure of the computation by
restricting the input domain. The transformation of comparison model lower
bounds, which are usually easier to obtain, to the
parallel-random-access-machine, unifies some known lower bounds and gives new
lower bounds for several problems.
- RS-95-9
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Lars Ramkilde Knudsen.
Partial and Higher Order Differentials and Applications to the
DES.
February 1995.
24 pp.
Abstract: In 1994 Lai considered higher order derivatives of
discrete functions and introduced the concept of higher order differentials.
We introduce the concept of partial differentials and present attacks on
ciphers presumably secure against differential attacks, but vulnerable to
attacks using higher order and partial differentials. Also we examine the DES
for partial and higher order differentials and give a differential attack
using partial differentials on DES reduced to 6 rounds using only 46 chosen
plaintexts with an expected running time of about the time of 3,500
encryptions. Finally it is shown how to find a minimum nonlinear order of a
block cipher using higher order differentials.
- RS-95-8
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Ole I. Hougaard, Michael I. Schwartzbach,
and Hosein Askari.
Type Inference of Turbo Pascal.
February 1995.
19 pp. Appeas in Software--Consepts & Tools, 16:160-169,
Springer-Verlag, 1995.
Abstract: Type inference is generally thought of as being an
exclusive property of the functional programming paradigm. We argue that such
a feature may be of significant benefit for also standard imperative
languages. We present a working tool (available by
WWW) providing these benefits for
a full version of Turbo Pascal. It has the form of a preprocessor that
analyzes programs in which the type annotations are only partial or even
absent. The resulting program has full type annotations, will be accepted by
the standard Turbo Pascal compiler, and has polymorphic use of
procedures resolved by means of code expansion.
- RS-95-7
-
PostScript.
David A. Basin and Nils Klarlund.
Hardware Verification using Monadic Second-Order Logic.
January 1995.
13 pp. Appears in Wolper, editor, Computer-Aided Verification:
7th International Conference, CAV '95 Proceedings, LNCS 939, 1995, pages
31-41.
Abstract: We show how the second-order monadic theory of
strings can be used to specify hardware components and their behavior. This
logic admits a decision procedure and counter-model generator based on
canonical automata for formulas. We have used a system implementing these
concepts to verify, or find errors in, a number of circuits proposed in the
literature. The techniques we use make it easier to identify regularity in
circuits, including those that are parameterized or have parameterized
behavioral specifications. Our proofs are semantic and do not require lemmas
or induction as would be needed when employing a conventional theory of
strings as a recursive data type.
- RS-95-6
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Igor Walukiewicz.
A Complete Deductive System for the -Calculus.
January 1995.
39 pp . Appears in Information and Computation, 157:142-182,
2000. Appeared earlier in Kozen, editor, Tenth Annual IEEE Symposium
on Logic in Computer Science, LICS '95 Proceedings, 1995, pages 14-24.
Abstract: The propositional -calculus as introduced by
Kozen is considered. In that paper a finitary axiomatisation of the logic was
presented but its completeness remained an open question. Here a different
finitary axiomatisation of the logic is proposed and proved to be complete.
The two axiomatisations are compared.
- RS-95-5
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Luca Aceto and Anna Ingólfsdóttir.
A Complete Equational Axiomatization for Prefix Iteration with
Silent Steps.
January 1995.
27 pp. Appears in Wirsing and Nivat, editors, Algebraic
Methodology and Software Technology: 5th International Conference,
AMAST '96 Proceedings, LNCS 1101, 1996, pages 195-209 under the title An Equational Axiomatization of Observation Congruence for Prefix Iteration.
Abstract: Fokkink ((1994) Inf. Process. Lett. 52:
333-337) has recently proposed a complete equational axiomatization of
strong bisimulation equivalence for the language obtained by extending
Milner's basic CCS with prefix iteration. Prefix iteration is a variation on
the original binary version of the Kleene star operation obtained by
restricting the first argument to be an atomic action. In this paper, we
extend Fokkink's results to a setting with the unobservable action by
giving a complete equational axiomatization of Milner's observation
congruence over Fokkink's language. The axiomatization is obtained by
extending Fokkink's axiom system with two of Milner's standard -laws
and the following three equations that describe the interplay between the
silent nature of and prefix iteration:
Using a technique due to
Groote, we also show that the resulting axiomatization is -complete,
i.e., complete for equality of open terms.
- RS-95-4
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Mogens Nielsen and Glynn Winskel.
Petri Nets and Bisimulations.
January 1995.
36 pp. Appears in Theoretical Computer Science
153(1-2):211-244, January 1996.
Abstract: Several categorical relationships (adjunctions)
between models for concurrency have been established, allowing the
translation of concepts and properties from one model to another. A central
example is a coreflection between Petri nets and asynchronous transition
systems. The purpose of the present paper is to illustrate the use of such
relationships by transferring to Petri nets a general concept of
bisimulation.
- RS-95-3
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Anna Ingólfsdóttir.
A Semantic Theory for Value-Passing Processes, Late Approach,
Part I: A Denotational Model and Its Complete Axiomatization.
January 1995.
37 pp. To appear in Information and Comutation (together with
part II).
Abstract: A general class of languages and denotational models
for value-passing calculi based on the late semantic approach is defined. A
concrete instantiation of the general syntax is given. This is a modification
of the standard according to the late approach. A denotational model
for the concrete language is given, an instantiation of the general class. An
equationally based proof system is defined and shown to be sound and complete
with respect to the model.
- RS-95-2
-
PostScript,
DVI.
François Laroussinie, Kim G. Larsen,
and Carsten Weise.
From Timed Automata to Logic - and Back.
January 1995.
21 pp. Appears in Wiedermann and Hájek, editors, Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science: 20th International Symposium,
MFCS '95 Proceedings, LNCS 969, 1995, pages 529-539.
Abstract: One of the most successful techniques for automatic
verification is that of model checking. For finite automata there exist
since long extremely efficient model-checking algorithms, and in the last
few years these algorithms have been made applicable to the verification of
real-time automata using the region-techniques of Alur and Dill. In this
paper, we continue this transfer of existing techniques from the setting of
finite (untimed) automata to that of timed automata. In particular, a timed
logic is put forward, which is sufficiently expressive that
we for any timed automaton may construct a single characteristic
formula uniquely characterizing the automaton up to timed
bisimilarity. Also, we prove decidability of the satisfiability problem
for with respect to given bounds on the number of clocks and
constants of the timed automata to be constructed. None of these results have
as yet been succesfully accounted for in the presence of time (An exception
occurs in Alur's thesis in which a decidability result is presented for a
linear timed logic called MITL).
- RS-95-1
-
PostScript,
DVI.
Gudmund Skovbjerg Frandsen, Thore
Husfeldt, Peter Bro Miltersen, Theis Rauhe, and Søren Skyum.
Dynamic Algorithms for the Dyck Languages.
January 1995.
21 pp. Appears in Akl, Dehne, Sack and Santoro, editors, Algorithms and Data Structures: 4th Workshop, WADS '95 Proceedings,
LNCS 955, 1995, pages 98-108.
Abstract: We study dynamic membership problems for the Dyck
languages, the class of strings of properly balanced parentheses. We also
study the Dynamic Word problem for the free group. We present deterministic
algorithms and data structures which maintain a string under replacements of
symbols, insertions, and deletions of symbols, and language membership
queries. Updates and queries are handled in polylogarithmic time. We also
give both Las Vegas- and Monte Carlo-type randomised algorithms to achieve
better running times, and present lower bounds on the complexity for variants
of the problems.
|