Proving in Zero-Knowledge that a Number is the Product of Two Safe
Primes
Jan Camenisch November 1998 |
Abstract:This paper presents the first efficient statistical zero-knowledge protocols to prove statements such as:
The main building blocks of our protocols are statistical zero-knowledge proofs that are of independent interest. Mainly, we show how to prove the correct computation of a modular addition, a modular multiplication, or a modular exponentiation, where all values including the modulus are committed but not publicly known. Apart from the validity of the computation, no other information about the modulus (e.g., a generator which order equals the modulus) or any other operand is given. Our technique can be generalized to prove in zero-knowledge that any multivariate polynomial equation modulo a certain modulus is satisfied, where only commitments to the variables of the polynomial and a commitment to the modulus must be known. This improves previous results, where the modulus is publicly known. We show how a prover can use these building blocks to convince a verifier that a committed number is prime. This finally leads to efficient protocols for proving that a committed (or revealed) number is the product of two safe primes. As a consequence, it can be shown that a given value is of large order modulo a given number that is a product of two safe primes. Available as PostScript, PDF, DVI. |